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Traditional credit scoring relies heavily on FICO scores, which evaluate only a narrow set of factors like payment history and debt utilization, often rejecting creditworthy borrowers with thin credit files, non-traditional employment, or education histories that signal repayment ability. This results in up to 50% of potential applicants being denied despite low default risk, limiting lenders' ability to expand portfolios safely . Fintech lenders and banks faced the dual challenge of regulatory compliance under fair lending laws while seeking growth. Legacy models struggled with inaccurate risk prediction amid economic shifts, leading to higher defaults or conservative lending that missed opportunities in underserved markets . Upstart recognized that incorporating alternative data could unlock lending to millions previously excluded.

As bunq experienced rapid growth as the second-largest neobank in Europe, scaling customer support became a critical challenge. With millions of users demanding personalized banking information on accounts, spending patterns, and financial advice on demand, the company faced pressure to deliver instant responses without proportionally expanding its human support teams, which would increase costs and slow operations. Traditional search functions in the app were insufficient for complex, contextual queries, leading to inefficiencies and user frustration. Additionally, ensuring data privacy and accuracy in a highly regulated fintech environment posed risks. bunq needed a solution that could handle nuanced conversations while complying with EU banking regulations, avoiding hallucinations common in early GenAI models, and integrating seamlessly without disrupting app performance. The goal was to offload routine inquiries, allowing human agents to focus on high-value issues.

Financial advisors at Morgan Stanley struggled with rapid access to the firm's extensive proprietary research database, comprising over 350,000 documents spanning decades of institutional knowledge. Manual searches through this vast repository were time-intensive, often taking 30 minutes or more per query, hindering advisors' ability to deliver timely, personalized advice during client interactions . This bottleneck limited scalability in wealth management, where high-net-worth clients demand immediate, data-driven insights amid volatile markets. Additionally, the sheer volume of unstructured data—40 million words of research reports—made it challenging to synthesize relevant information quickly, risking suboptimal recommendations and reduced client satisfaction. Advisors needed a solution to democratize access to this 'goldmine' of intelligence without extensive training or technical expertise .

In the high-stakes world of digital payments, card-testing attacks emerged as a critical threat to Mastercard's ecosystem. Fraudsters deploy automated bots to probe stolen card details through micro-transactions across thousands of merchants, validating credentials for larger fraud schemes. Traditional rule-based and machine learning systems often detected these only after initial tests succeeded, allowing billions in annual losses and disrupting legitimate commerce. The subtlety of these attacks—low-value, high-volume probes mimicking normal behavior—overwhelmed legacy models, exacerbated by fraudsters' use of AI to evade patterns. As transaction volumes exploded post-pandemic, Mastercard faced mounting pressure to shift from reactive to proactive fraud prevention. False positives from overzealous alerts led to declined legitimate transactions, eroding customer trust, while sophisticated attacks like card-testing evaded detection in real-time. The company needed a solution to identify compromised cards preemptively, analyzing vast networks of interconnected transactions without compromising speed or accuracy.

With over 17,000 titles and growing, Netflix faced the classic cold start problem and data sparsity in recommendations, where new users or obscure content lacked sufficient interaction data, leading to poor personalization and higher churn rates . Viewers often struggled to discover engaging content among thousands of options, resulting in prolonged browsing times and disengagement—estimated at up to 75% of session time wasted on searching rather than watching . This risked subscriber loss in a competitive streaming market, where retaining users costs far less than acquiring new ones. Scalability was another hurdle: handling 200M+ subscribers generating billions of daily interactions required processing petabytes of data in real-time, while evolving viewer tastes demanded adaptive models beyond traditional collaborative filtering limitations like the popularity bias favoring mainstream hits . Early systems post-Netflix Prize (2006-2009) improved accuracy but struggled with contextual factors like device, time, and mood .